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Last updated:11 October 2016
This report is provided as a service to the news media. All details have been verified by the Baha'i International Community. Statistics are current as of the above date.
Special Note: Updated information about the international response to the persecution of Baha'is and other related news can be found on our "Situation of the Baha'is in Iran" Facebook page, which can be found here(link is external).
Summary
Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, Baha'is have been systematically persecuted as a matter of government policy. During the first decade of this persecution, more than 200 Baha'is were killed or executed, hundreds more were tortured or imprisoned, and tens of thousands lost jobs, access to education, and other rights – all solely because of their religious belief.
Government-led attacks on the country’s largest non-Muslim religious minority have re-intensified over the last decade. Since 2005, more than 890 Baha'is have been arrested, and the number of Baha'is in prison has risen from fewer than five to more than 100 at one point. It is currently 85. The list of prisoners includes all seven members of a former leadership group serving the Baha'i community of Iran. In 2010, the seven were wrongly sentenced to 20 years in prison, the longest term then facing any prisoner of conscience in Iran. In late 2015, reports indicated that their sentences have been belatedly reduced from 20 years to 10 years, in line with changes to the Iranian Penal Code introduced in May 2013. The constant threat of raids, arrests, and detention or imprisonment is among the main features of Iran’s persecution of Baha’is today.
Other types of persecution include economic and educational discrimination, strict limits on the right to assemble and worship, and
the dissemination of anti-Baha’i propaganda in the government-led news media. Attacks on Baha'is or Baha'i-owned properties go unprosecuted and unpunished, creating a sense of
impunity for attackers. Since 2005, for example, there have been at least 52 incidents of arson against Baha’i properties, crimes for which no one has been arrested. During the same period, at least 55 incidents of vandalism or desecration at Baha’i cemeteries have been recorded. As noted by a top UN human rights official, the government-led persecution spans
“all areas of state activity, from family law provisions to schooling, education, and security."(link is external)
The situation facing Baha’is has not changed since the coming to power of President Hassan Rouhani in August 2013, despite his promises to end religious discrimination. Since his inauguration, at least 170 Baha’is have been arrested, thousands have been blocked from access to higher education, and there have been at least 388 incidents of economic oppression, ranging from intimidation and threats against Baha’i-owned businesses to their closure by authorities. More than 20,000 pieces of anti-Baha’i propaganda have been disseminated in the Iranian media during President Rouhani's administration.
Imprisonments
There are currently 85 Baha'is in prison, all on false charges related solely to their religious belief. The list includes
seven national-level Baha’i leaders, who currently remain in prison for allegedly “disturbing national security,” “spreading propaganda against the regime,” and “engaging in espionage.”
On 4 January 2016, 24 more Baha'is, ranging in age from 21 to 60, were
sentenced to long terms of imprisonment in the province of Golestan, all for religious activities. Collectively, their sentences total 193 years, an outrageous punishment. They are currently out on bail awaiting the outcome of an appeal.
Economic Pressure
Economic pressure on Iran’s Baha’i community is acute, with both jobs and business licenses being denied to Baha’is. Government jobs, including not only in the civil service but also in such fields as education and law, have been denied to Baha’is since the years immediately following the Revolution and Muslims often are pressured to fire Baha’is in their employment in the private sector.
Since 2005, the Baha’i International Community has documented more than 950 incidents of economic persecution against Iranian Baha’is. These include shop closings, dismissals, the revocation of business licenses and other efforts to block Baha’is from earning a livelihood. Recent examples include the sealing by the authorities of 17 Baha'i-owned shops in the province of Mazandaran in on 20 April 2016 after the owners had closed their businesses on Baha'i holy days. The types of businesses closed by the government included two toy shops, two pharmacies, a tire repair shop, a women's clothing store, and two optical shops.
The closings in April 2016 mirror episodes in November, May and April 2015, when authorities moved against Baha'i owned businesses in a number of cities, also after they had closed to observe Baha'i holy days. On 15 November 2015, for example, a total of 28 Baha'i-owned shops were closed in the cities of Sari, Ghaemshahr, Babolsar, Tonekabon, Kerman, and Rafsanjan, following two important Baha'i holy days. In April and May 2015
authorities closed more than 35 shops in the cities of Rafsanjan, Kerman, Sari, and Hamadan in an effort to pressure Baha'is not to observe their religious holy days. These events followed an earlier episode, in October 2014, when
79 Bahá’í-owned shops(link is external) in Kerman, Rafsanjan, and Jiroft, were sealed by the authorities.
On 6 September 2016, the Baha'i International Community sent a letter to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani calling for an end to the economic oppression of Baha'is. The letter can be accessed
here.
In October 2015, The Baha’i International Community issued a major report on the economic oppression of Baha’is. Titled “Their Progress and Development Are Blocked: The economic oppression of Iran’s Baha’is,” the report can be
read here.
Attacks and assaults
Since 2005, there have been at least 68 documented instances of physical violence against Baha'is, ranging from simple assault to murder, all of which have gone unprosecuted. These include:
- The assasination-style murder in August 2013 of Ataollah Rezvani in the city of Bandar Abbas. Mr. Rezvani was wellknown as a Bahá’í in the city and much respected for his honesty and helpfulness. Ministry of Intelligence agents, however, managed to get him dismissed from his work and they pressured him to leave the city. Shortly before his death, he had begun receiving menacing telephone calls from unknown persons. His killing also came after senior local clerics in the city attempted to incite the population against Bahá’ís. The Baha'i International Community has said the murder should be treated as a hate crime, and it has called for an investigation. Since 2005 in Iran, at least nine Baha’is have been murdered or died under suspicious circumstances.
- The stabbing of three Baha'is in Birjand on 3 February 2014 in their home in the city of Birjand by an unidentified intruder. The attacker, who was wearing a mask, entered the home of Ghodratollah Moodi and his wife, Touba Sabzehjou, at about 8 pm, attacking them with a knife or sharp instrument. He also assaulted their daughter, Azam Moodi, before fleeing. All three were seriously injured; Ms. Moodi managed to summon help and all three were taken to a local hospital in serious condition.
- An arson attack on a Baha'i home on 7 November 2014 in the village of Amzajerd in the province of Hamadan and set a fire. Unidentified individuals broke into the home and started a fire. Furniture, papers and some money were destroyed in the blaze, which was labeled arson by the fire department.
- A episode of vandalism on 3 November 2014 when unidentified individuals broke into a Baha'i home in a village of Owj Pelleh in the province of Hamadan. They broke windows, wrote graffiti, and attempted to set fire to the house, which was unoccupied at the time.
- An arson attack on 2 October 2014 when unknown individuals threw a firebomb at the home of a Baha'i in Yazd. Fortunately, the bomb did not ignite. A second firebomb attack on the home of another Baha'i in Yazd occured three nights later, on 5 October, starting a fire that was quickly extinguished. The police were informed of both attacks but did not investigate.
Raids and arrests
Since 2005, more than 890 Iranian Baha’is have been arrested. Most of the arrests and detentions follow a similar pattern: Agents of the Ministry of Intelligence arrive at the homes of Baha’is, search the premises, confiscate items such as computers and books, and then make arrests.
Most recently, 14 Baha'is were arrested in Shiraz and Karaj on 28 September 2016. Few details are yet available but all were apparently arrested for their religious beliefs. Other incidents of note include:
- In November 2015, 15 Baha’is were arrested in three cities – Tehran, Isfahan, and Mashhad – after their homes were raided and searched. Read more...(link is external)
- In April 2015 13 Baha'is were arrested in Hamadan. The arrests came over a period of two weeks, as intelligence agents raided and searched a number of Baha'i homes there. Owners/occupants were arrested on charges such as "engaging in propaganda against the regime." Most were released within a day or so after posting large sums for bail, ranging from US$8,000 to US$20,000. One woman, however, was detained for nine days in solitary confinement.
- On 11 August 2014, five Baha'is were arrested in Tehran(link is external) during a raid on an optical shop. Arrested were shop owners Aladdin (Niki) Khanjani and Babak Mobasher, along with three employees, Naser Arshi-Moghaddam, Ataollah Ashrafi and Rouhollah Monzavi. Mr. Khanjani is the son of Jamaloddin Khanjani, one of the seven Baha'i leaders who are currently serving 20 year prison sentences on false charges including espionage. Agents also confiscated their computers and other electronic devices and took a large amount of goods and products from their shop.
Destruction of historic Baha'i cemetery in Shiraz
In April 2014, it was learned that elements of Iran's Revolutionary Guards had begun destruction of a historic Baha'i cemetery in Shiraz, apparently to make way for a new sports and cultural center. After the excavation of a large but shallow hole, demolition was halted for several months in the face of international pressure and the expression of outrage on the part of Iranians from all walks of life.
But in August 2014,
reports emerged(link is external) from Iran saying that the Revolutionary Guards had resumed construction on the site, removing human remains from some 30 to 50 graves and pouring a concrete foundation for the complex, which will reportedly include a library, mosque, restaurant, theatre, child care facility, and sports hall. The cemetery is the resting place of some 950 Baha’is, many of whom were historic or prominent figures in the Baha’i community of Iran. Interred at the site, for example, are ten Baha'i women whose cruel hanging in 1983 came to symbolize the government's deadly persecution of Baha'is.
In addition to the demolition of the Baha'i cemetery in Shiraz, there have been in recent months other attacks. On 12 December 2013, the
Baha'i cemetery in Sanandaj was partly destroyed. Reports from Iran say the morgue, where bodies are washed, along with the prayer room, a water tank, and the walls of the cemetery were destroyed, apparently as the result of a long-running government effort to confiscate the cemetery land and razed is buildings. In Semnan recently, attackers destroyed the Baha'i cemetery there in two stages. In October/November 2012, intruders demolished the morgue and in December 2012/January 2013, they covered all the graves 40 centimeters deep in dirt using bulldozers. The municipality whose bulldozers were used for this purpose denied knowledge of the incident and promised to repair the damage. In December 2012, the Baha’i cemetery in Yazd was vandalized.
Persecution in education
Baha’i school children at all levels continue to be monitored and slandered by administrators and teachers in schools. Secondary school students often face pressure and harassment, and some have been threatened with expulsion. Religious studies teachers are known to insult and ridicule Baha'i beliefs. In a few reported cases, when Baha'i students attempt to clarify matters at the request of their peers, they are summoned to the school authorities and threatened with expulsion if they continue to "teach" their Faith. Young Baha’is continue to be denied access to public and private colleges and universities in Iran as a matter of
official policy(link is external), which requires that they be expelled if they manage to enroll and school authorities learn that they are Baha’is. Those working in support of the Baha’i Institute for Higher Education (BIHE), an ad hoc, volunteer effort of the Iranian Baha’i community to provide education for its young people, have been at various times arrested, harassed and imprisoned.
In September 2014, for example, Ms. Shadan Shirazi was blocked from entering university despite the fact that she placed 113th on national college entrance examinations. The
story was widely reported (link is external)and reveals a new tactic undertaken by the government, which is to deprive Baha'is of any document or paper that they can use to prove they were discriminated against because of their religion.
Other recent incidents of discrimination in education include the September 2014 expulsion of a Baha'i from Baharestan University in Esfahan and an August 2014 expulsion from Payame-Noor University.
Incitement to hatred
Over the years, thousands of pieces of anti-Baha'i propaganda have been disseminated in official or semi-official Iranian media. These include anti-Baha'i articles, videos, and webpages. A report,
Inciting Hatred, covering a period from December 2009 through May 2011, documents the nature of these attacks. These attacks have not slowed or abated. From January 2014 through August 2016, the BIC documented more than 20,000 items of anti-Baha'i propaganda in Iran's official or semi-official media.
Other forms of Persecution
Other forms of persecution faced by Iranian Baha’is include the monitoring of their bank accounts, movements, and activities; the denial of pensions or rightful inheritances; the intimidation of Muslims who associate with Baha’is; the denial of access to publishing or copying facilities for Baha’i literature; and the unlawful confiscation or destruction of Baha’i properties, including Baha’i holy places.
International reaction
Governments, organizations and individual supporters around the world are calling for the release of jailed Baha'i leaders and Baha’i educators, and an end to the persecution of the Baha’is in Iran.
In September 2016, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon referred to Baha'is as the "most severely persecuted religious minority" in Iran in his annual report on human rights in Iran to the UN General Assembly.
Read more...
In March 2016, Secretary General Ban and the Special Rapporteur on human rights in Iran, Ahmed Shaheed, released strongly worded report expressing concern over continuing violations in Iran, including persecution of Baha'is.
Read more...
In December 2015, the UN General Assembly voted overwhelmingly to condemn Iran for its continuing violations of human rights. Like previous annual resolutions, it expressed "deep concern" about serious ongoing and recurring human rights violations” in Iran. The resolution listed the high frequency of executions, torture, restrictions on freedom of assembly and expression, the targeting of journalists, pervasive gender inequality, and religious discrimination – including against Iranian Baha’is – as among the Assembly’s concerns.
Read more...
In October 2015, Dr. Shaheed noted that “Adherents of unrecognized religions, such as the Baha’i faith, face severe restrictions and discrimination and are reportedly prosecuted for peacefully manifesting their religious beliefs.” His full report can be
read here(link is external).
In September 2015, Mr. Ban issued a report to the UN General Assembly expressing concern about “reports of persistent discrimination” against ethnic and religious minorities, noting in particular that “authorities have not relaxed restrictions on members of the Baha’i community, who continue to face severe constraints on their professional activities, including the closure of their businesses.”
Read more...
On 31 October 2014, governments repeatedly called attention to Iran's lack of respect for religious freedom at Iran's Universal Periodic Review in the Human Rights Council. Of the 291 recommendations made by 104 governments, 11 specifically mentioned the situation of Iranian Baha'is, calling on Iran to end discrimination against them.
In September 2014, three high-level United Nations human rights experts called on Iran to halt the ongoing destruction of a historic Baha’i cemetery in Shiraz, Iran, saying the action is an “unacceptable” violation of freedom of religion. In a
joint news release(link is external), Heiner Bielefeldt, the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Ahmed Shaheed, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iran, and Rita Izsak, the UN Independent Expert on minority issues, said they were “dismayed” at reports that demolition work had resumed in August.
In June 2013, the International Labor Organization expressed "deep concern" over continuing economic and educational discrimination against Baha'is in Iran.
Read more...
In May 2013, four high-level United Nations human rights experts called on Iran to immediately release the seven imprisoned Baha'i leaders.
Read more...
Also in May 2013, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recommended that Iran ensure that all citizens, regardless of religious belief, enjoy full rights without any discrimination. The Committee specifically referred to the Baha'i community, expressing its concern that Iranian Baha'is face "widespread and entrenched discrimination, including denial of access to employment in the public sector, institutions of higher education, as well as to benefits of the pension system." It recommended that Iran "take steps to ensure that members of the Baha'i community are protected against discrimination and exclusion in every field."
Read more...
Read more at
https://www.bic.org/focus-areas/situation-iranian-bahais/current- situation#A1lcuOTAF4bXWKFC.99
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